Guidelines how to make bibliographic references
Many standards are available. For academic assignments in particular Project Work the use of a consistent and recognised system is compulsory. We recommend APA, based on Harvard format. A good reason for that choice is that Routledge and Sage use APA in most of their publications.

Bibliographic References Harvard Format - APA
This section (11) is a summary of the APA style guidelines as contained in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed., 2001 (Subject Reference Collection: 808.02 AME). APA Website http://www.apastyle.org

The APA style is based on the Harvard reference system where the date of publication follows the name(s) of the author, and in-text references refer to items in surname and date of publication, in brackets.

References are important in all academic work as they indicate to the reader the sources of your quotations and borrowed ideas. Failure to indicate your sources is tantamount to plagiarism (literary theft). The purpose of the reference system is to describe your sources in an accurate and consistent manner and to indicate within the text of your paper where particular sources were used.

Keep a careful note of all sources used as you prepare your assignments. Record all the details you need about a library book (including page numbers for any quotations) before you return it - someone else may have borrowed the book if you try to go back and check later. Be sure to write down the source details you need on any photocopies you make. Remember to print or save details of any Website you want to refer to (your tutor may ask to see this) and record the date when you accessed the information.

Reference list (Bibliography) at end of paper
The reference list should be arranged alphabetically by author surname. APA format requires that book and journal titles etc. be italicised.

Books
The details needed for documenting a book can be found on the front and back of the title page. Make sure to locate the name of the publisher rather than the printer or typesetter. You need the name of the publisher in your reference list. The Library Catalogue gives the name of the publisher if you are in any doubt. Ignore any reprint dates; you need the date when the first, second, third edition etc. of the book was published according to which edition of the book you are using. The basic pattern for a reference to a book is:

Author, Initials. (year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Encyclopedia of psychology. (1976). London: Routledge.

Gardner, H. (1973). The arts and human development. New York: Wiley.

Moore, M. H., Estrich, S., McGillis, D., & Spelman, W. (1984). Dangerous offenders: the elusive target of justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Edited book
Maher, B. A. (Ed.). (1964-1972). Progress in experimental personality research (6 vols.). New York: Academic Press

Article in edited book (Chapter)
The basic pattern for a reference to a chapter in an edited book (where the various chapters have been written by different people) is:

Author of chapter, Initials. (year). Title of chapter. In Initials. Name of Editor/s (Ed.) Title of
book (pp.start and end page numbers of chapter). Place of publication: Publisher.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1991). Genesis of the higher mental functions. In P. Light, S. Sheldon, &
M. Woodhead (Eds.), Learning to think (pp. 32-41). London: Routledge.

Two or more works by the same author(s) with the same publication date
Where an author (or particular group of authors) has more than one work in a particular year, list them in title order and follow the date with a lower case letter a, b, c, ... For example:

Harding, S. (1986a). The instability of the analytical categories of feminist theory. Signs , 11(4), 645-64.
Harding, S. (1986b). The science question in feminism . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

When referred to in the text these letters are also used (see last page section b).

Encyclopedia entry
Lijphart, A. (1995). Electoral systems. In The encyclopaedia of democracy (Vol. 2, pp.412-422). London: Routledge.

If the entry has no author, begin the reference with the entry title followed by the date of publication.

Government publication
Great Britain. Command Papers. (1991). Health of the nation (Cm 1523). London: HMSO.

Great Britain. Home Office. (1994). Prisons policy for England and Wales . London: HMSO.

Report
Birney, A. J., & Hall, M. M. (1981). Early identification of children with written language difficulties (Report No. 81-502). Washington DC: National Educational Association.

Conference paper in published proceedings
Borgman, C. L., Bower, J., & Krieger, D. (1989). From hands-on science to hands-on
information retrieval. In J. Katzer, & G. B. Newby (Eds.), Proceedings of the 52nd ASIS annual meeting: Vol. 26. Managing information and technology (pp. 96-100). Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Journal articles
The details needed for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list, front cover
or article itself. The basic pattern for a reference to a journal article is:

Author, Initials. (year) Title of article. Title of journal , Volume number - if there is one
(Issue number), start and end page numbers of article.

Noguchi, T., Kitawaki, J., Tamura, T., Kim, T., Kanno, H., Yamamoto, T., et al. H. (1993). Relationship between aromatase activity and steroid receptor levels in ovarian tumors from postmenopausal women. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,44(4-6), 657-660.

Popper, S. E., & McCloskey, K. (1993). Individual differences and subgroups within populations: the shopping bag approach. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine,64(1), 74-77.

Weekly magazine article
Barrett, L. (2001, August 23). Daewoo's drive to survive in the UK. Ma rketing Week , 22-23.

Newspaper article
Caffeine linked to mental illness. (1991, July 13). New York Times, pp. B13, B15.

Young, H. (1996, July 25). Battle of snakes and ladders. The Guardian, p. 15.

Anonymous works
If a work is signed "Anonymous", your reference must begin with the word ‘Anonymous’, followed by date etc. as usual. If no author is shown, put the title in the normal author position.

Note on page numbers
Use pp. for page range only for encyclopedia entries, multi-page newspaper articles and chapters or articles in edited books. For articles in journals or magazines use the numbers alone.

Interviews and e-mail messages
Because interviews and e-mail messages are not considered recoverable data, you do not include details in your reference list. You should, however, cite an interview or e-mail message within the body of your text as a personal communication:

...and this point was conceded (J. Bloggs, personal communication, August 22, 2001)

Audiovisual sources
Examples of references (in bold, green italics)

Films
Name of primary contributor - the director or producer, or both, Initials. (Role of primary
contributor). (year). Title of film [Motion picture]. Country of origin - where the film was
primarily made and released: Name of studio.

Reed, C. (Director). (1949). The Third Man [Motion picture]. United Kingdom: British Lion/London Films.

Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Motion picture]. United States: Universal
Pictures/Amblin Entertainment.

Television programmes
Collinson-Jones, C. (Producer), & Dobson, E. (Director). (2003, July 14). Casualties of peace [Television broadcast]. London: Channel 4.

Single episode from a television series
Fraser, R. (Writer), & Geoghegan, S. (Director). (2003). Eyes wide open [Television series episode]. In P. Goodman (Producer), Holby City. London: BBC1.

This example shows the most complete information possible for a television episode. If details of the writer are unavailable, begin your reference with the name of the director.

Radio programmes
Portenier, G. (Producer). (2003, July 17). Crossing continents [Radio broadcast]. London:
BBC Radio 4.

Electronic sources: examples of references
The details shown below have been compiled according to the guidelines available on the APA Website (http://www.apastyle.org) Check this Website and the 5th edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association for further guidance. The basic pattern for a reference to an electronic source is:

Author, Initials. (year). Title. Retrieved month, day, year, from Internet address.

Banks, I. (n.d.). The NHS Direct healthcare guide. Retrieved August 29, 2001, from
http://www.healthcareguide.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/

If no date is shown on the document, use n.d. If the author is not given, begin your reference with the title of the document. If a document is part of a large site such as that for a university or government department, give the name of the parent organisation and the relevant department before the Web address:

Alexander, J., & Tate, M. A. (2001). Evaluating web resources. Retrieved August 21, 2001, from Widener University, Wolfgram Memorial Library. http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram-Memorial-Library/webevaluation/webeval.htm

Deciding your future. (2000). Retrieved September 5, 2001, from University of Portsmouth, Careers Service Web site: http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/careers/ plancareer/deciding-your-future.htm

Electronic journal articles which are duplicates of the printed version
Use the same reference format as for a printed journal article but add "Electronic version" in square brackets after the article title:

Lussier, R. N., & Pfeifer, S. (2001). A crossnational prediction model for business success [Electronic version]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(3), 228-239.

If you refer to an online article where the format differs from the printed version or which includes additional data or commentaries, you should add the date you retrieved the document and the Web address (URL).

Articles in Internet-only journals
Korda, L. (2001, July). The making of a translator. Translation Journal, 5(3). Retrieved August 21, 2001 from http://accurapid.com/journal/17prof.htm

Use the complete publication date shown on the article. Note that page numbers are not given
Whenever possible, the URL you give should link directly to the article itself. Break a URL that goes onto another line after a slash or before a full-stop. Do not insert a hyphen at the break.

Articles retrieved from a database
Use the format appropriate to the type of work retrieved and add a retrieval date, plus the name of the database:

McVeigh, T. (2000, July 9). How your gestures can do the talking. The Observer , p.7. Retrieved September 10, 2001, from The Guardian and The Observer on CD-ROM database.

Citing references in the text
1. References are made from the text of the paper to the full details of the work in the reference list in the following manner:

Williams (1995, p.45) compared personality disorders ...
In a recent study of personality disorders (Williams, 1995, p.45) ...

2. When an author, or group of authors, has more than one publication in the same year, a lower case letter is added to the date. For example:

In two recent studies (Harding, 1986a, p.80; Harding, 1986b, p.138) it was suggested that ...
In two recent works Harding (1986a, p.80; 1986b, p.138) has suggested that ...

3. Multiple author citations. With two authors both names should be listed in each citation e.g. (Duncan & Goddard, 2003, p.99)

With three to five authors name all authors the first time, then use et al. (and others). For example: the first time it would be (Moore, Estrich, McGillis & Spelman 1984, p.33) and subsequent references to the same publication would use (Moore et al.).

Note that when the in-text reference occurs naturally within the sentence "and" should be used before the final author. But when the entire reference is enclosed in brackets the ampersand (&) should be used.

4. When a source has no author, cite the first two or three words of the title followed by the year. For example:

... in the recent book (Encyclopaedia of psychology, 1991, p.62) ...
... in this article ("Individual differences," 1993, p.12)

5. When using quotations in your text observe the following examples:

He stated, "The relative importance of the systems may nevertheless remain in approximately the same proportion" (Gardner, 1973, p.41)

Smith (1991) found that "...there is no evidence that chimpanzees can produce a drawing and discern the object represented in it..." (p.84)

6. If you cite a work that you discovered in another work, observe the following examples:

Smith (1970, p.27) cites Brown (1967) as finding ...
Brown (1967), cited by Smith (1970, p.27), found ...
It was found (Brown, 1967, cited by Smith, 1970, p.27) that ...

(Source ComDev09 Project Work Handbook 2011)

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